AANEM Connect

Did a case of a 68yom with vague acute forearm pain from shovelling snow perhaps.  EMG showed distal median motor latency of 3.6 msec, and amp of 10.3 mv, the proximal stim showed amp of 4.6 mv, velocity 52 m/s, and I repeated it a couple times.  Median transcarpal was normal.  Ulnar studies were normal.  EMG showed spontaneous activty in the Opponens Pol, the PQ, and the FPL.  Pronator Teres and all other upper limb muscles were normal. Thus a proximal median neuropathy (pronator syndrome) was suspected.

But I also wondered what would the median waveforms would look like with the MGA?  I stimulated the ulnar nerve at the wrist and recorded at the ADM a CMAP of 4.6 mv.  I did not do the needle EMG until after the NCVs, thus I was surprised to see any spontaneous activity as shown because his clinical presentation was more consistent with lateral epicondylitis, not pronator syndrome. Maybe any anomolus anatomy is nothing of concern....

I have an odd case I would love the experts here on AANEM Connects help with. A 70 yo male patient presented initially with diagnosis of Notalgia Paresthetica over a year ago of which pruritus was the main complaint, and responded to steroid injection for quite a qhile (8+months). Then the pruritus returned with a vengence and more widespread including the extensor forearms. He was referred to me for possible brachioradial pruritus. Considering he had the pruritus also over the entire peri-scapular/ thoracic region and arms (more extensor surface) I was dubious of this diagnsosis.

Physical exam shows no significant weakness in upper limbs, relatievly normal sensory exam, normal reflexes.

Suprisingly EMG did show small amplitude PSW and Fibs in multiple muscles on both sides, most notable in biceps, triceps, brachioradialis, FDI bilaterally. I reviewed MRI of the cervical/thoracic spine which had been done just prior to seeing me and they were relatively benign.

Other things to note: 

-70lb weight loss in last 6 months, but has been on wegovy during that time. 

-Has complained of generalized mild weakness, but he attributed it to losing muscle mass with weight loss 

-No new sensory complaints 

Any ideas or other things you would check? Could this be a weird para-neoplastic presentation? Thank you in advance! 

See NCS chart below

Hello everyone.  Over the years I have  examined a number of patients who present with signs and symptoms of ulnar neuropathy, but when doing their sensory examination they report abnormal sensation on the lateral half of the ring finger instead of the medial half.  Many report that the medial half feels normal but the pinky finger and the lateral side of the ring finger have reduced or altered sensation.  I am wondering if anyone else has observed this and if there is a good explanation for it? (some may have had coexisting CTS of course but not all of them did). Thanks!

Hello All,

I'm interested in having some of our EEG techs at our institution learn to do nerve conduction studies.  A roadblock occurred when our billing department found the following article at cms.gov (https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/view/article.aspx?articleId=57668&ver=44) which states:

"Nerve conduction codes 95907-95913 had their Physician Supervision of Diagnostic Procedures Indicators adjusted to 7A effective 01/01/2013 (CR 8169). Please refer to the description of 7A below. Therefore if authorized by state law Physical Therapists are allowed the technical portion and professional component of the test.

The technical component (TC) of the Neuromuscular junction testing code 95937 had its Physician Supervision of Diagnostic Procedures Indicator changed to “7A” This change is effective January 1, 2013.

“7A” = “Supervision standards for level 77 apply; in addition, the PT with ABPTS certification may personally supervise another PT, but only the PT with ABPTS certification may bill.”

“77” = “Procedure must be performed by a PT with ABPTS certification (TC & PC) or by a PT without certification under direct supervision of a physician (TC only; PC always physician)”. These changes are effective January 1, 2013."

Unfortunately I'm not able to find anything else from CMS about supervision for nerve conduction studies.  And the above seems to be some sort of tangent about physical therapists doing EMG/NCS.  Does anyone know of anywhere else that I can find information from CMS which clearly outlines that a nerve conduction tech may perform the NCS with supervision (I believe the proper term is "direct supervision" which would mean I'd be in the office and available though not necessarily in the exam room)?

Thanks in advance!

Wanted to hear suggestions about warming cool limbs for NCS. Recently switched from a practice adjacent to PT that we had borrowed hydrocollator warming pads as needed when limb temp was low. Any good suggestions for heating lamps or other effective methods to assist during these cool months?

Hi, I have a few cases in which the EMG and NC is c/w axonal Neuropathy, but I or a different MD already have sent the ganglioside antibody panel. I have repeated the panel to make sure is not a lab error. I have a few patients testing positive for GQ1b, and GD1A antibodies, both with sensory and motor axonal neuropathies, some of them progressive in symptoms and sign,s which you would like to consider as Autoimmune Neuropathies that could benefit from IVIG or other treatments; yet is difficult to get them approved since they are not the typical CIDP. Although the literature mentions cases of axonal CIDP, or rare chronic cases of Miller Fisher Syndrome, I am not entirely sure what to do with those patients, since, yes, I would like at least a 6-month trial of IVIG to see if there is response or not. In same group of patients, there are some patient s with absent sensory and motor responses and the feet ( no surals, peroneal sensory, plantar and no peroneal or tibial CMAPS) with normal or reduced peroneal response at the TA but no significant active denervation in the leg which you would think are most likely related to proximal demyelination, but yet cannnot oficiallly call the EMG as CIDP. Have you encountered similar cases, and what would you advise? Thanks. 

Lately about half a dozen patients have declined needle EMG in the upper limb side in which a mastectomy had been performed; all them said that they'd been told not to have needle insertions in that limb. 

Would appreciate thoughts and/or references to studies / practice guidelines about this issue. 

Thanks to all.

Hi all,

I have noticed increasing use of MRI for evaluation of muscle weakness by my colleagues including often myself. 

As a neurophysiologist, I can appreciate the information on EMG that is not appreciable on MRI, however I am keen to know what others thoughts are re what future for EMG would look like if whole body muscle MRI is easily available to look for pattern of denervation/myopathy.

Also, does anyone have any suggestions re: uptodate re: interpreting muscle MRI's and its limitations.

Thank you,

Gaurav Singh

Greetings,

Has anyone encountered billing issues in the following scenario?

A patient is referred to our office strictly for an EMG study, with no evaluation and management (E/M) service performed at that time. Days to weeks later, the referring physician sends the same patient back for a full neurology consultation.

Despite the fact that we have never provided a clinical consult before and the prior encounter was EMG-only, the insurance processes the visit as a follow-up rather than a new patient visit. The insurances does not allow new patient code to be used 99203-05, I am curious how others are handling this—whether there is specific documentation, coding, or payer-specific guidance that has helped ensure the subsequent neurology visit is recognized and reimbursed appropriately as a new patient encounter.

Thank you in advance for any insight.

Autonomic disorders often go unrecognized and under-diagnosed and many clinicians struggle with the treatments of these often-complex diseases.  Most training programs do not have dedicated autonomic disorders specialists at their centers.

There is a Google form to fill out if you'd like a lecture to be arranged.  These lectures are typically done virtually. Arrangements can be made for in-person speakers, if that is preferred (the program has no funding for speaker travel).

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1DPAzynWuQ_E_RbQwZUBXyeU6vBBGfIicgv2qdlNf1gs/viewform?edit_requested=true

Our lecturers span a variety of backgrounds, and lectures can be tailored to a program's needs and interests.  We have found that most programs benefit from an introductory lecture covering autonomic physiology relevant to clinical practice, the autonomic medical history, and the diagnosis and initial management of common autonomic disorders.  Many programs opt for a follow up lecture going into more depth on specific topics, to include alpha-synucleinopathies, autonomic neuropathies, pediatric and genetic autonomic conditions, POTS, syncope, gastrointestinal autonomic disorders, etc.

Sincerely,

Ratna Bhavaraju-Sanka, MD,FAAN

Co-Chair, Education Committee

American Autonomic Society

A very large patient was referred to the lab and when he sat on the EMG table it creaked. This led us to wonder about weight limits of the tables we use in our EDX lab locations. Seems like many stanfard medical tables have a 400 pound "limit." We have researched this and there are baraiatric tables with weight limits up to 600 pounds. Is there any standard on this from AANEM? I would be curious to know if anyone else has had any issues with this or if there have been any problems. Does anyone have disclaimers about weight limits on medical exam tables, similar to what is done with MRIs? Thanks. 

I’m exploring opportunities to work in Australia/New Zealand/Singapore after completing my neuromuscular fellowship. I would love to connect with any U.S.-trained physicians who are currently practicing in these 3 countries. 

I’m especially interested in learning about licensing pathways, job search strategies, and clinical practice differences.

Thank you in advance!

After 40 years of practice, I will be retiring in March and have the following equipment available.  If you are a non-profit organization or a new practitioner, just a thank you will suffice. If not, make an offer.

1. TECA TD-5

2. TECA TD-10

3. Teca Synergy, laptop and PIU - I have 2 units

Joe Lubeck

jlubeck@lubeckneurology.com

This is the case of a 66 y.o. RHD M referred for EDX evaluation of progressive right hand weakness over the last two years.  He endorses h/o neck stiffness, right shoulder pain radiating to upper arm and more recent numbness along medial aspect right forearm.  The patient denies similar symptoms in his left arm/hand or feet.  He has no h/o DM, autoimmune disease or cancer.  Interestingly, he reports family history of CIDP in his biological brother (confirmed by patient correspondence) and father (deceased).  

Physical Examination: significant atrophy right thenar eminence with more mild atrophy right FDI.  Mild right distal forearm atrophy compared to asymptomatic left side.  Hoffman's neg.  DTR's: depressed biceps bilaterally; 1+ triceps and brachioradialis reflexes.  MMT: 5/5 B/L DELT/BICEPS/Triceps/Wrist Ext; 4/5 R FDI; 2/5 R APB.  Sensation: grossly no decrement to PP between right and left hands.

First EDX Study (2024): do not have full access to

Second EDX Study (Feb 2025):

(1) minimally prolonged DL, very low amplitude & normal CV right median motor evoked response

(2) normal left median and ulnar motor evoked responses

(3) normal right ulnar motor evoked response at ADM & FDI

(4) normal PL, minimally low amplitude and normal CV b/l median SNAPs

(5) normal PL, low amplitude and normal CV right ulnar SNAP

(6) normal DL, minimally lower amplitude and normal CV right radial SNAP

(7) normal PL, low amplitude and minimal CV slowing left ulnar SNAP

(8) normal left radial SNAP

(9) normal bilateral MABC SNAPs

(10) abnormal right mid palm (lumbrical - interossei) study 

(11) chronic denervation & reinnervation in all right upper limb muscles worse in C7-8-T1 muscles and active denervatiobn right APB

IMPRESSION:

(1) very severe chronic axonal right median neuropathy distal to branch of FCR

(2) bilateral mild axonal non localizable ulnar neuropathies

(3) chronic mild right C6-7 radiculopathies

(4) chronic severe right C8-T1 radiculopathies

No EDX evidence of right brachial plexopathy.  MD made note of the possibility of a remote brachial plexopathy as evidence by the severe denervation and reinnervation of muscles innervated by AIN and prior EDX absence of MABC SNAP.

My EDX Study (Jan 2026) - one moment please :)

I had the benefit of reviewing the following studies: 

MRI Right Brachial Plexus: normal

MRI C-spine: small focus myelomalacia C4; mild to moderate spinal canal stenosis C3-7; severe bilateral NF narrowing C3-7

MRI Right Forearm: mild edema within FDP & PQ muscles

Now, my EDX study ...

(1) Right median CAMP - still very low amplitude 1.2 mV and minimal CV slowing forearm 

(2) Right ulnar SNAP - NOW ABSENT !!!

(3) Right radial SNAP - NORMAL OL/PL/CV

(4) Right median SNAP D2 - NORMAL OL/PL/CV (no segmental slowing across wrist)

(5) Right median SNAP D1 - NORMAL OL/PL/CV (minimal slowing across wrist)

(6) Right LABC SNAP - NORMAL

(7) Right ulnar CMAP - no interval change in DMLs or amplitudes but now 18 m/s slow across elbow (ADM) and 13 m/s slow across elbow (FDI)

(8) Right ulnar F-waves - proloned latency 33 ms

(9) Persistent active denervation in APB w/ PSWs & CRDs; moderate-to-severe reduced recruitment in APB & FPL muscles (MUPs firing 30 - 35 Hz); less pronounced reduced recruitment in FDI and PT muscles but with sigificant polyphasia and increased duration; deltoid still showed slightly decreased recruitment but no significant polyphasia (above what we would normally expect to see); biceps, triceps and EIP muscles normal recruitment and MUAPs; cervical paraspinal muscles negative

Unfortunately, I did not have time to study patient's contralateral limb.

My EDX Impression: EDX study highly suspicious for a chronic lower trunk and medial cord brachial plexopathy with interval development of mild, demyelinating, motor, ulnar mononeuropathy across the right elbow.

My conundrums ...

(1) When I see persistently low amplitude median nerve CMAPs + absent ulnar SNAPs I usually conclude lower trunk brachial plexopathy but AIN mononeuropathy seems valid here given the markedly decreased recruitment in FPL and PQ muscles and atrophy of thenar eminence and distal volar forearm muscles on clinical examination.  Can we see such such atrophy in lower trunk BP lesions?  The patient also had FDI weakness but with less demonstrable atrophy (perhaps from the new UNE ?)

(2) The non-localizable ulnar sensory axonal neuropathies ... could they be a precursor to UNE w/ subsequent development of segmental slowing (ie, neuropraxia) of motor fibers across the elbow?

(3) Chronic cervical radiculopathies with absence of on-going denervation and reliance on MUAP analysis ... i know enough that we need to group these neurogenic changes in myotomal distributions but relatively new finding of modestly decreased recruitment in PT muscle can be seen in medial cord BP lesions ???

(4) NMUS Examination - I tracked patient's MN from CT inlet to level of PT.  I'm good but not an US guru by any means :)   CSA MN at CT inlet 10 mm2 (wnl) -> CSA MN at PQ 13 mm2 (relatively normal as we expect CSA to slightly increase as we scan proximally) -> PQ muscle definitively hyperechoic and atrophied -> it was hard to appreciate the take off the AIN from trunk of MN.

Do you think I should make an amendment to my report ???

Thank you all !

Todd R. Lefkowitz, DO, DABPMR, DABEM, CAQSM

Hello everyone,

My name is Andrew Gibson, Ph.D., and I am a faculty member in Exercise and Sport Sciences at Keiser University. My academic and applied work sits at the intersection of neuromuscular physiology, fatigue, and wearable technology, with a particular focus on translating electrophysiological methods into clinically and practically meaningful outcomes.

I am an active member of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and recently joined the American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine (AANEM) to further align my research and scholarship with the neuromuscular medicine community. My current work involves applied sEMG methodology, neuromuscular fatigue assessment, and collaborative projects that bridge exercise science, rehabilitation, and clinical neuromuscular practice.

I’m introducing myself here with the goal of collaborating with AANEM members to support scholarship, research initiatives, and educational efforts that advance the mission of the organization. I welcome opportunities to contribute as a researcher, collaborator, or co-author on projects that further the field and strengthen the integration of neuromuscular science across disciplines.

If you’re interested in connecting or exploring potential collaborations, I’d be glad to hear from you.

Contact:
andrew.gibson@keiseruniversity.edu

Best regards,

It is with a sad heart that we share the shocking news that Dr Jeremy Bland passed away on Sunday night during his sleep.

Jeremy was an influential and popular Clincial Neurophysiologist and wise member of British Society for Clinical Neurophysiology Council for many years as Treasurer, Webmaster and more recently as NHS England National Specialty Advisor for Neurophysiology and Visual Science.

His influence will continue to be felt through the BSCN website and his research into carpal tunnel syndrome. The Canterbury Carpal Tunnel Scale is a memorial to his use of the scientific method applied to benefit patients and a tool to guide treatment for our surgical colleagues and is used across the globe. More recently he was instrumental in creating the ANS-BSCN National Referral Guidance will influence activity in clinics in the United Kingdom.

Jeremy also had an international impact. He was an active member of the AANEM and spoke regularly at their teaching courses and conferences. The AANEM awarded him the Distinguished Researcher Award in 2021. He was also rewarded in recognition for reviewing >1000 papers for Muscle and Nerve.

He has taught at many Oxford triennial courses and was demonstrating ultrasound techniques at the European Congress of Clinical Neurophysiology in September.

We send our sympathy and prayers to the family at this difficult time.

He will be sorely missed.

Dear colleagues,

I am seeking clarification on an observation that frequently appears in my daily electrodiagnostic practice: patients with lumbosacral radiculopathies seem to demonstrate EMG evidence of denervation more often than those with cervical radiculopathies.

Clinically, this pattern appears consistent, yet I have not found a clear statement in the literature directly addressing whether lumbosacral radiculopathies are objectively more likely to show needle EMG abnormalities than cervical ones.

While reviewing available studies, I did find data suggesting a difference in detection rates. For example:

• Hassan et al. (Can J Neurol Sci, 2013) reported EMG-confirmed radiculopathy in 62% of lumbosacral cases vs 31% of cervical cases in their cohort.

• Lefkowitz, “Electrodiagnosis of Radiculopathies” (AAPMR/NOW review) summarizes typical sensitivity ranges as approximately 49–86% for lumbosacral radiculopathy and 50–72% for cervical when paraspinal muscles are included.

• Several reviews (e.g., Narayanaswami et al., 2016) note factors that may reduce the likelihood of detecting cervical denervation, including overlapping myotomal innervation, variable motor involvement in cervical root compression, and technical challenges in paraspinal sampling.

These trends seem to align with what many of us observe in practice, but I have not found a paper that explicitly states this comparison as a distinct conclusion.

My question:
Is there a definitive study, review, or consensus source that directly addresses whether lumbosacral radiculopathies produce denervation changes detectable by EMG more frequently than cervical radiculopathies? If so, I would appreciate references or guidance toward the most authoritative literature on this topic.

Thank you in advance for your insights.

A 76-year-old male with a remote history of a lumbar decompression at L5, presented to the Sports Medicine Clinic for a painless right foot drop that presented acutely November 2024. Of note, the patient also had a left-side foot drop with prolonged recovery after lumbar decompression in 2023. Exam on the right side demonstrated 4/5 dorsiflexion and big toe extension but 5/5 foot eversion and inversion.

A recent MRI of the lumbar spine still demonstrated bilateral right greater than left L5-S1 foraminal stenosis in the setting of grade 1 degenerative spondylolisthesis.

The NCS/EMG findings revealed the following abnormalities: decreased right superficial fibular sensory nerve amplitude, bilaterally decreased fibular CMAP amplitudes with slowed conduction velocity but no conduction block or focal slowing, and abnormal spontaneous activity with decreased recruitment only in the right tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum brevis. The other L4-S1 muscles were WNLs.

The spine surgeon is ready to do a decompression; however, these findings suggest a right fibular neuropathy at the knee level with ongoing denervation but no evidence of radiculopathy or tibial neuropathy.

I would appreciate your thoughts on this case to help guide management. I have never seen a painless fibular neuropathy predominately involving the deep branch at the knee.

I am trying to find out the fair market value of my Natus Elite Synergy EMG that I purchased new 5 years ago.  Does anybody know how I might find this information?

Colleagues,

During routine practice I’ve encountered several patients with classic ocular myasthenia features (fluctuating ptosis and/or diplopia, fatigability, diurnal variation). However, single-fiber EMG (SFEMG) performed in frontalis and orbicularis oculi (OO) yielded:

Mean jitter: normal

No blocking

Number of spikes with abnormal individual jitter < 3

Given the strong clinical suspicion but a “negative” SFEMG, I’d appreciate your input on next steps. In your experience, how often do you see false-negative SFEMG in ocular MG ?

35 y/o F with severe ankle sprain sent for EDX 4 mos after injury. Strength in ADF 4-/5, APF 3/5,  in particular she is unable to plantar flex 2-5th toes, strength in  FDL 1-/5, FHL 3-/5, EHL 4/5, foot inversion 5-/5, eversion 2/5, she has tingling in planter foot and some dorsal foot. No proximal weakness. MRI ankle nc with complete ATFL tear, tarsal tunnel wnl. 

NCS- Tibial CMAP wnl, Fibular CMAP from EDB  was low 3.5 mv( opposite 8mv) , Fibular from TA intact bilateral. Sural, Sup fibular, Saphaneous wnl. Lateral and medial plantar mixed nerves were intact (but opposite side was not done ) needle emg intact in Tib ant, Med gastroc, EHL, vastus med, biceps short head, but she could not activate any MUPs in FDL and Peron longus. she couldnt tolerate EDB, tried Abd Hallucis but she couldn't activate any units. All her weakness in foot started after this ankle injury. Lumbar spine MRI unremarkable. I am puzzled with multiple nerves affected after ankle injury, distal Tibial, superficial and deep fibular? any thoughts on localization? what is also baffling no MUP duration/amp changes, no denervation in any of the muscles. She says she has gained ADF strength, it was about 2/5 early on, but no improvement in toe plantaflexion. 

Greetings all, 

I'm an adult neurologist who inherited a patient from a colleague who has Becker Muscular Dystrophy. The patient was started on Prednisone 50mg daily and believes it helped him. He ambulates with a rolling walker and has bilateral foot drop. 

I have an idea that one could use steroids for " a few years" but that's a vague recommendation/concept. Studies in the literature tend to be one year at most.  I'm starting to taper because of side effects in this patient, but am wondering specifically for Becker Muscular dystrophy..... how long would one generally treat such patients? 

I appreciate the input of the " hive mind"....

Why are the sensory axons affected first in carpal tunnel syndrome?  I know that in acute compression, motor axons are typically affected first. Is it different for carpal tunnel syndrome or in chronic compression in general. Is it the location of the axons?

Hello, 

I am looking for a Neuromuscular physician in South India, specifically in Hyderabad or Vishakapatnam. This is for one of my family member whose symptoms concern me for ALS. 

Any recommendations would be of great help. 

Thank you.